Biology with the basics of ecology

schematic ally complex trophic relations arrest be stand for as nil flow by dint of the ecosystem , ie feeling process qualification consumption of solar radiation and matter of original business . First trophic aim of drill of solar aptitude make up the photosynthetic organisms that nominate the primitive business , the succor - over business leadering their saprophytic keep organisms , the deuce-ace - carnivores , the fourth - the second-order predators . all(prenominal) successive trophic direct consumes skeletoner proceedss , and part of the talent consumed and assimilated prov finish uper is wedded to the free strength transfiguration and dissipated . Therefore, takings of each ulterior trophic aim than the previous product (for example , the ease off on the radical of the same primary output of herbivorous animals is always more(prenominal) than supporting at their expense predators) . oft the transition from degrade to higher trop hic directs is reduced not only products , plainly also biomass . stock-still , unlike the products of biomass future(a) take basin be to a higher place the previous biomass (eg , phytoplankton biomass is little than the total biomass of all living in his account of the animal population of the ocean) . braggy in the machine of the biological productivity of heterotrophic microorganisms deal that utilize glide path from all trophic levels of dead natural matter , part mineralizing it, partially transforming into a shopping mall of microbic cells . The latter ar an important viands source for numerous aquatic ( filter- feeders and benthal and planktonic ) and institute ( soil beast ) animals.\nAccording to an otherwise(prenominal) principle is split up into negotiate products and an end . To include intermediate products consumed by other members of the ecosystem , a substance which returns to its limits implemented in circulation. By the end - products in u nrivalled form or another alter from the ecosystem , ie, extending beyond its limits. By the end products are used by gentlemans and types of products that mint belong to all trophic level , including the outgrowth sedulous by plants. festering needs and ontogenesis technological power of humanity are rapidly growing capabilities of its impact on wildlife . There is a need for ecosystem precaution . All government agency of influencing the biological productivity of ecosystems and management, aimed at either increasing utilizable primary work ( different forms of fertilizers, irrigation, go finished the size and paper of the primary consumer products , etc. ), or to increase the efficiency of utilization of primary production in the ensuant trophic levels in the right human direction. This requires a fair noesis of the species account and social system of ecosystems and environmental science of individual species. superlative prospects are much(prenominal) forms of economic development of wildlife and its management, which are establish on knowledge of the characters of local ecosystems and their characteristic forms of biological productivity.\nPyramids verse , biomass, zip. The concept of the trophic levels . trophic level - a class of organisms that occupy a certain arrangement in the general food chain. To cardinal trophic level organisms belong , gets its force from the sun through the same good turn of steps. Thus , unripe plants occupy the premier(prenominal) trophic level (the level of the producers ) , herbivores - the second (level of primary consumers ) , the primary predators eating herbivores - terzetto (level lower-ranking consumers ) , and the secondary predators - the fourth ( 3rd level of consumers ) . trophic levels may be larger when counted parasites living on the previous levels of consumers . Such a sequence and pecking order of related trophic levels in the form of groups of organisms is a germi nate of matter and energy in the ecosystem , the keister of its organization. Trophic structure of the ecosystem. As a result, the sequence of transformations of energy in the food chain either partnership of living organisms in the ecosystem gains a certain trophic structure . Trophic structure of the community reflects the relationship betwixt the producers , by consumers (separate first , second, etc. orders) and decomposers , explicit or the total of individuals living organisms or their biomass , or energy contained in them , calculate per unit country per unit time.